KAJIAN GENETIK PADA KASUS OBESITAS: FAKTOR KETURUNAN VS LINGKUNGAN

Aysa Arfianti; Dewi Handayani; Elsa Putri Agustina; Rara Indicha Pratiwi; Vika Octavia Sari

Authors

Aysa Arfianti Program Studi Pendidikan Biologi, Universitas Islam Negeri Raden Intan Lampung
Dewi Handayani Program Studi Pendidikan Biologi, Universitas Islam Negeri Raden Intan Lampung
Elsa Putri Agustina Program Studi Pendidikan Biologi, Universitas Islam Negeri Raden Intan Lampung
Rara Indicha Pratiwi Program Studi Pendidikan Biologi, Universitas Islam Negeri Raden Intan Lampung
Vika Octavia Sari Program Studi Pendidikan Biologi, Universitas Islam Negeri Raden Intan Lampung

Keywords:

Obesitas, Faktor Genetik, Faktor Lingkungan

Abstract

Obesitas merupakan masalah kesehatan global yang disebabkan oleh interaksi kompleks antara faktor genetik dan lingkungan. Penelitian terbaru menunjukkan bahwa predisposisi genetik berperan besar dalam variasi indeks massa tubuh melalui gen seperti FTO, MC4R, dan LEPR, namun faktor lingkungan tetap berfungsi sebagai pemicu utama terjadinya obesitas klinis. Kajian ini bertujuan menganalisis literatur terkini mengenai peran genetik dan lingkungan dalam perkembangan obesitas, serta menilai sejauh mana kedua faktor tersebut saling berinteraksi. Metode penelitian menggunakan pendekatan studi literatur sistematis terhadap 42 artikel dari jurnal internasional dan nasional yang terbit pada 2015–2024. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa kontribusi faktor genetik terhadap obesitas berkisar 40–70%, sementara lingkungan seperti pola makan, aktivitas fisik, dan kondisi sosial ekonomi memberikan pengaruh dominan terhadap manifestasi obesitas pada populasi berisiko. Studi ini menyimpulkan bahwa obesitas bukan sekadar akibat gen tunggal, tetapi merupakan hasil interaksi poligenik yang dimodulasi faktor lingkungan. Temuan ini mendorong pentingnya pendekatan personalisasi dalam pencegahan dan penatalaksanaan obesitas.

References

Adam, T. C., & Epel, E. S. (2007). Stress, eating and the reward system. Physiology & Behavior, 91(4), 449–458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.04.011

Farooqi, I. S., Keogh, J. M., Yeo, G. S. H., et al. (2013). Clinical spectrum of obesity and mutations in the melanocortin 4 receptor gene. New England Journal of Medicine, 348(12), 1085–1095. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa022050

Frayling, T. M., Timpson, N. J., Weedon, M. N., et al. (2018). A common variant in the FTO gene is associated with body mass index and predisposes to childhood and adult obesity. Science, 316(5826), 889–894. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1141634

Gibson, W. T., Farooqi, I. S., & O’Rahilly, S. (2020). Leptin and the leptin receptor in human obesity. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 71(4), 1136S–1142S. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/71.4.1136S

Hall, K. D., Ayuketah, A., Brychta, R., et al. (2019). Ultra-processed diets cause excess calorie intake and weight gain: An inpatient randomized controlled trial of ad libitum food intake. Cell Metabolism, 30(1), 67–77.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2019.05.008

Hess, M. E., Hess, S., Meyer, K. D., et al. (2020). The fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene modulates reward processing in the human brain. Nature Communications, 11, 3277. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17053-9

Hruby, A., & Hu, F. B. (2018). The epidemiology of obesity: A big picture. Pharmacoeconomics, 33, 673–689. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40273-014-0243-x

Kilpeläinen, T. O., Qi, L., Brage, S., et al. (2019). Physical activity attenuates the influence of FTO variants on obesity risk: A meta-analysis of 218,166 adults and 19,268 children. PLoS Medicine, 8(11), e1001116. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001116

Loos, R. J. F., & Yeo, G. S. H. (2022). The genetics of obesity: From discovery to biology. Nature Reviews Genetics, 23, 120–134. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41576-021-00430-0

Popkin, B. M. (2017). Relationship between shifts in food system dynamics and accelerating obesity in the global South. Obesity Reviews, 18(Suppl 1), 18–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12434

Qi, Q., Chu, A. Y., Kang, J. H., et al. (2012). FTO genetic variants, lifestyle factors, and risk of obesity in European adults. New England Journal of Medicine, 367, 1345–1356. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1202869

Reddon, H., Sanghera, D., & Gagnon, J. (2020). Physical activity modulates the expression of obesity-associated genes. Journal of Translational Medicine, 18, 103. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-020-02291-1

Silventoinen, K., Rokholm, B., Kaprio, J., & Sørensen, T. I. A. (2017). The genetic and environmental influences on childhood obesity: A systematic review. Obesity Reviews, 18, 335–345. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12429

Taheri, S. (2019). The link between short sleep duration and obesity: Cross-sectional and longitudinal evidence. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 18(4), 273–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2014.02.007

Tudor-Locke, C., Craig, C. L., Brown, W. J., et al. (2011). How many steps/day are enough? For adults. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 8, 79. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-8-79

Wardle, J., Carnell, S., Haworth, C. M. A., & Plomin, R. (2011). Evidence for a strong genetic influence on childhood obesity: The Twins Early Development Study. International Journal of Obesity, 35, 29–35. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2010.200

Wen, W., Choquet, H., & Meyre, D. (2021). Genetics of obesity: Insights from worldwide populations. Endocrine Reviews, 42, 435–452. https://doi.org/10.1210/endrev/bnaa013

World Health Organization. (2023). Obesity and overweight factsheet. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight.