Kajian Dampak Pencemaran Pestisida Kimia dan Kesehatan Lingkungan
Keywords:
Dampak, pestisida, kesehatan lingkunganAbstract
Penggunaan pestisida yang semakin meningkat dalam sektor pertanian telah memberikan manfaat dalam meningkatkan produktivitas hasil panen. Namun, penggunaan yang tidak sesuai dengan dosis, frekuensi, dan prosedur yang dianjurkan dapat menyebabkan pencemaran tanah, air, dan udara serta mengganggu keseimbangan ekosistem. Residu pestisida yang terakumulasi di lingkungan berpotensi memberikan dampak terhadap organisme non-target dan meningkatkan risiko gangguan kesehatan pada manusia melalui paparan langsung maupun tidak langsung. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan kajian komprehensif untuk mengevaluasi dampak penggunaan pestisida terhadap kesehatan lingkungan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Systematic Literature Review (SLR) dengan mengacu pada pedoman PRISMA. Penelusuran artikel dilakukan melalui basis data Scopus, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, dan Garuda terhadap publikasi tahun 2020–2025. Artikel dipilih berdasarkan kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi, kemudian dianalisis secara deskriptif melalui sintesis naratif untuk mengidentifikasi dampak pestisida terhadap media lingkungan, keanekaragaman hayati, dan kesehatan manusia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Sebanyak 28 artikel memenuhi kriteria analisis. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar penelitian melaporkan pencemaran tanah (82,1%), air (75,0%), dan udara (46,4%) akibat residu pestisida. Dampak lingkungan yang paling sering ditemukan meliputi penurunan kualitas tanah, pencemaran sumber air, berkurangnya keanekaragaman hayati, serta gangguan terhadap organisme non-target. Dari aspek kesehatan, paparan pestisida berhubungan dengan gangguan sistem saraf, gangguan pernapasan, gangguan reproduksi, gangguan endokrin, dan peningkatan risiko penyakit kronis. Mayoritas penelitian juga merekomendasikan penerapan Pengendalian Hama Terpadu (PHT), penggunaan alat pelindung diri, serta pengawasan residu pestisida sebagai langkah mitigasi. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah Penggunaan pestisida yang tidak terkendali memberikan dampak signifikan terhadap kesehatan lingkungan dan kesehatan masyarakat. Penerapan praktik pertanian berkelanjutan, penggunaan pestisida secara bijaksana, peningkatan edukasi petani, serta penguatan kebijakan pengelolaan pestisida diperlukan untuk mengurangi pencemaran lingkungan dan melindungi kesehatan masyarakat
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