EVALUASI PROGRAM BANTUAN PANGAN DALAM MENINGKATKAN STABILITAS PANGAN DAN MENGURANGI KEMISKINAN DI INDONESIA
Keywords:
Kemiskinan, Bantuan Pangan, E-VoucherAbstract
Kemiskinan di Indonesia bersifat multidimensi dan sangat sensitif terhadap volatilitas harga pangan, terutama beras. Dalam konteks pandemi dan pemulihan ekonomi 2020–2024, pemerintah memperkuat arsitektur bantuan pangan dari natura menuju e-voucher (Program Sembako/BPNT) dengan dukungan tata-niaga (Bulog). Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi kontribusi program bantuan pangan terhadap stabilitas pangan dan pengurangan kemiskinan, sekaligus menilai ketepatan sasaran, tata kelola, serta faktor-faktor kontekstual yang memoderasi dampak. Metodologi yang digunakan adalah kualitatif–deskriptif dengan sumber data primer melalui wawancara semi-terstruktur, FGD terbatas, dan observasi partisipatif terhadap informan kunci (BPS pusat–provinsi–kab/kota dan petugas lapangan, Bulog, dinas sosial, pendamping, dan KPM) di berbagai wilayah Indonesia. Analisis dilakukan secara tematik dengan triangulasi sumber–metode; rilis indikator BPS 2020–2024 digunakan sebagai konteks pendamping, tanpa mengubah fokus utama pada bukti kualitatif. Hasil menunjukkan: (i) kemiskinan meningkat pada 2020–2021 lalu menurun hingga 2024 seiring pemulihan dan penguatan jaring pengaman; (ii) e-voucher memperluas pilihan dan meningkatkan kualitas konsumsi (terutama protein) serta menurunkan biaya transaksi; (iii) sinergi dengan PKH memperkuat ketahanan konsumsi; (iv) hambatan utama meliputi inclusion–exclusion error, kapasitas pendamping dan e-warong, mutu komoditas, serta gangguan pasok; dan (v) volatilitas harga beras dapat mengikis nilai riil bantuan tanpa indeksasi manfaat. Rekomendasi meliputi dynamic targeting, indeksasi terhadap inflasi pangan, penjaminan mutu dan tata kelola e-warong, edukasi gizi untuk diversifikasi pangan, serta M&E terintegrasi yang adaptif terhadap siklus harga dan guncangan.
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